Islamic midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islamic midterm - Essay Example Today the structure is a Cathedral. The Malwiya tower, which is the most recognized element in the mosque, was built altogether by brickwork. The utilization of brickwork is ascribed to the Mesopotamian designers and craftsmans. It was developed in the ninth century CE when the Islamic engineering was in its underlying stages and was not set up as it was in later hundreds of years. The Mesopotamian engineering is obvious in this landmark in light of the fact that the early Muslims were from Arabia and the Arabs were not incredible designers or manufacturers, you can't discover numerous prominent bits of design in Arabian landmass before Islam or in the beginning of Islam, this is the explanation that the Arab Muslim winners depended exclusively on the Mesopotamian design while developing the capital city of Samarra (which was later surrendered because of water lack) and its landmarks. Another element of the pinnacle Malwiya is the winding incline that reviews the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. The ziggurats additionally had the presented flights of stairs prompting the highest point of the structure and same is the situation with the Malwiya tower of the Great Mosque of Samarra. The ziggurat were a piece of sanctuary buildings for example spots of love of the Mesopotamians and same is the situation with the mosque as it is the spot of love of the Muslims. So it is right to state that the Mesopotamian design which was the local engineering of the structure is apparent in the engineering of the Great Mosque of Samarra anyway Islamic design isn't missing by and large. The development included the styles of the nearby culture yet the design overall is unmistakably Islamic in light of the fact that essentially the structure and the arrangement of the structure is carefully founded on Islamic structure of a mosque. An Islamic mosque is basically expected to have a patio in the middle, it is absent in the focal point of the structure yet it is there in the mosque. Additionally the minaret is

The Effects Of The Society In The Black Community Case Study

The Effects Of The Society In The Black Community - Case Study Example The film leaves the crowd to consider whether the youthful characters were genuinely ethically liable for their definitive destiny. Glancing through the focal point of Galen Strawson’s â€Å"Hard Determinism† the film appears to demonstrate the way of thinking that no individual is genuinely mindful since it requires the perfect assurance of oneself. The movie depends on the dark network and the executive uses a few characters to depict the qualities and the issues looked by society. Prior to the start of the movie, the chief supplies insights, which expresses that their partners in the network execute the vast majority of the dark guys. The story is told through Tre Styles-the fundamental hero in the film. Because of certain issues in the school, he is moved to the dark neighborhood of Los Angeles. His dad Furious guides him there and he is familiar with two young men Doughboy and Ricky. Angry supposedly has a discussion with Tre about sex and apparently teaches the significance of having safety measure while engaging in sexual relations. The significant plot in the film is the nearness of the brutal neighborhood of the dark network and the viciousness inside it. A large portion of the film spins around the brutality. There are minor plots in the film like the predisposition of culture in the testing techniques and the improveme nt of the general public. The Whites didn't deal with the issues looked by Blacks in the public eye. Medication misuse is a minor subplot that underlines the account of the film. The film features how racial segregation, absence of public solidarity and absence of an impartial methodology in all divisions were liable for the evil destiny of the Afro Americans. There are sure situations where the film shows some significant episodes that underline the social structure in the nation.

Ontario’s Forest Accord Essay Example for Free

Ontario’s Forest Accord Essay The Ontario Forest Accord is a composed understanding of backwoods industry agents, ecological network and the Ministry of Natural Resources which plans to make an adequate way to deal with set up parks and some ensured regions however not endangering the necessities of the timberland business. The Accord is under enacted assurance additionally concerning the administration of secured zones with respect to its supportability. Presently, they are right now executing â€Å"Room to Grow† approach that progresses the wood creation that can be dispensed to parks, ensured territories and timberland enterprises. Since the Accord is focusing on ecological magnificence and manageability, they grabbed the eye of the voyagers which gave them the plan to truly place their work into great utilize and definitely improve the travel industry. The Accord has a gigantic duty on their hands having twelve percent of the woodland and secured regions for which they need to oversee. With their endeavors, the travel industry got increasingly included and productiveâ€they have composed with the Accord coordinators to draw up certain strategies in which they can make the execution of the Accord progressively acknowledged by the general population. The â€Å"Room to Grow† approach connected the two separate fields to inseparably help each other for maintainability and improvement too. For preservation and security, Ecological Land Acquisition Program was propelled to ensure private land. This program is worried about the exchanges between the private division and the administration who needs to guarantee biologically rich territory. Fundamentally, it was made to ensure the environment of species and furthermore control organizations of gaining biological terrains that may assist us with improving our characteristic assets. The Ontario Forest Accord resembles a determined police that continues checking the administration and private part in regards to their activities with common assets. Works Cited Ontario’s Forest. (2003). Maintainability for Today and Tomorrow. Accessible on January 16, 2008 http://ontariosforests. mnr. gov. on. ca/spectrasites/web/ontarioforests/conservingprotecting. cfm

The Allegory of the Cave Man - Literature Essay Samples

Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds (Albert Einstein). When encountering the inexplicable, peoples visceral reactions often oscillate between fear and awe-nevertheless establishing the subject in terms of otherness. Steven Millhausers collection of short fiction, The Knife Thrower and Other Stories, explores this realm of otherness in terms of familiar human emotions. The title character of Kaspar Hauser Speaks illustrates the struggle of taming great spirits (and normalization of otherness) by mediocre minds in a plot that harkens to a distorted reflection of Socrates Allegory of the Cave. Various descriptions of Kaspars life stages echo scenes of the cave dweller, though they are often tainted by societal involvement. From existence within the cave, to painful exploration in transition, to the awe-inspired desire to learn in the world of light, Kaspar is a reflection of the allegorical cave man in many ways. While Socrates illustrates the challenge of first cave dwellers progress into the light and the opposition encountered on his return to the cave, Millhauser highlights the plight of the last cave dweller entering the light and, in turn, the conflict against the rest of enlightened society. Beyond mirroring the Allegory of the Cave, Millhausers goal in writing this fictional account is to ask: What is lost when one is removed from the cave and civilized? Is it worth the trouble?Is it possible for youby the deepest, the sincerest, and most sustained effort of imagination, to understand what it means to have the sensations of a worm? (Millhauser 204) Socrates creates a world in which all of humanity is chained to the ground, staring constantly at the wall and blankly at shadows that play before them. This is what they are created to be and serve, the reality established by their creator. Millhauser depicts a similar world in which Kaspar is also shackled to the ground and living in the dark, but unlike the cave dwellers, he lives seeing no light, no face, not a voice and without even being able to feel the loss of such things (203, 205). In sharp contrast to the cave dwellers, Kaspar is guarded by a man whom he has never met but who nightly comes to his prison to bring him meager sustenance. Essentially, he is kept in his condition of darkness, a creature jabbering unintelligibly, by human hands as a scientific experiment (201). Although this stark and animalistic treatment appears cruel to the observer, Kaspar is at the time content, or if not content, then not discontent (205). Although the solitary confinement seems brutal in hindsight, Kaspar is ignorant of his self-image and is therefore blind to the negatives tied with comparing oneself with ones peers. In the darkness, he knows only peace and neutrality, desiring nothing more because he, wormlike in existence, knows nothing else. I knew nothing except terror and pain (203). The transition from darkness into light is not without its pains and challenges. Once Kaspar is forced out of the cave, he is exposed to rigorous and sometimes painful socialization/education. Like the cave dwellers newly exposed to and subsequently blinded by the sun, Kaspar discovers that for many days, [he] couldnt endure lightsymbol of knowledge because his eyes burned to the point that when he looked away, everything was white (205, 207). Acclimation to and education in this new life prove challenging and perplexing. Whether encountering a candle (the stick that bit him), viewing a landscape (ugly! a word [he] had recently been taught), or a black hen (at which terror seized him and he tried to run away), Kaspar embodies the hardships of exposure to reality (203, 204). Both Kaspar and the cave dwellers are hesitant about seeing forms in the realm of enlightenment after having only known shadows. They long for the simplicity and familiarity of cave life, not immediately recognizing the benefits of knowledge and experie nce. Confusion, anger, fear and violence are the prevailing sentiments surrounding Kaspars first introduction to society. Still not recognizing enough of reality to draw many connections, Kaspar maintains a neutral self-image. Although at this point unable to recognize a sense of self, Kaspar is all too familiar with the torture and hardship of exiting the cave.I liked to look up at the brightness (203). After much effort (and pupil contraction), Kaspar and the cave dweller become acclimated to the light and therefore learning. Objects become real, rather than mere shadows or enigmas. Kaspar, like the cave man, uncovers a sense of awe and fascination with the world, desiring to know more and feeling bursts of curiosity (206). No longer a source of confusion, light and its reflection become entities to behold and appreciate. Finding that bright shiny objects pleased him stands as a testament to Kaspars admiration and pursuit of knowledge (204). Still freshly emerged from the black cave, he finds himself gazing with childish wonder when [he] look[s] up at the night sky full of stars (209). His desire to know and explore is insatiable. In sharp contrast to life inside the cave and transition into the light, actually being outside the cave presents a discernibly positive (though brief) circumstance. Learning is enjoyable, but at what point does the acquisition of knowledge breech boredom or, worse, cynicism? For the time being, life outside the cave is characterized by emotions and sentiments of liberation, awe, innocence and curiosity. While still lacking a defined self-image, Kaspar slowly recognizes his own limitations. Regardless, he embraces truth and light: Sometimes I stumble into a pit or well of sadness, a deep pit, a long fallthere is no bottom, I stare up and see faces peering down at me, faces unimaginably high up (202). While Socrates allegory addresses the passage from cave to light in grave detail, depicting the darkness, confusion a nd enlightenment, it neglects to explain the emotions surrounding the cave dwellers reflection on his past. Contentment and desire to learn can only last for a limited time until one realizes the futility behind this pursuit of knowledge. Slowly connections begin to form; awareness is no longer desirable because along with it comes jadedness. Kaspar gradually begins to realize that even his leap of progress toward civilization and away from himself is not enough to cover his delicate lurch, control his facial contortions, give him the fluency [he] long[s] for, or speed up his unnatural slowness (202). He discovers that this great advancement from the slobbering beast of his past is merely a leap that leaves the bruise of [his] heels in [his] own sides and even this leap is no more that a sign of [his] difference (208). Rather than focusing on all the advancements he has made in his lifetime, this great spirit is consumed with the awareness that he is and can never be wholly emb raced by society. He feels as though his efforts have fallen short of their ultimate goal. Even the progress he has attained cannot be his alone to savor. According to his understanding, his thoughts, wants, desires, and wishes are all instilled by society. He is always mindful how very much [he is societys] creation (201). Furthermore after all of the conditioning he feels that he is slowly erasing himself in order for someone else to appear, the one [he] long[s] for, who will not resemble him (210). In realizing that all he knows and longs to be is attributable to society, he feels like he possesses no sense of self. Upon emerging from the cave, Kaspar is blind to reality and experience, and blind in the sense that he is now aware of all of his inadequacies. He cannot return to the cave because of his knowledge, nor can he easily assimilate into society because of his inadequacies. Throughout this short story, Millhauser addresses what it means to be civilized. Kaspar, th e man extracted from his life of simplicity in the allegorical cave of darkness, seems no better suited for life outside the cave. Cave life, while ignorant in hindsight, is a sort of neutral existence; in knowing no better or worse lifestyle, there lies no desire for change. Life in transition, however, presents challenge and hardships. Effort, pain and sacrifice are required in order to better oneself. In comparison with the ignorance of cave life, transition life seems to be much undue stress and confusion for an uncertain end. Life outside the cave initially seems blissful. Here lies an insatiable desire to learn in order to compensate for years past in darkness. While Socrates holds that life outside the cave is where humanitys true potential and happiness lie, that only in knowing the truth can people ever attain perfection, Millhauser believes that life outside ignorant bliss is replete with unappeasable longing to fit the norm and integrate seamlessly into society. T hose that are different become the center of attention, an enigma that cannot be solved (202, 208). The collective nature of society breeds a desire to be unremarkable and uninteresting because with that comes a sense of fitting in with the crowd (209). With general knowledge comes self-awareness and with self-awareness comes a need to be accepted. Because Kaspar Hauser, poster child for the societal outcast, finds discontent in civilization, Millhauser is able to argue that knowledge and civilization are not necessarily where humanitys true potential, much less true happiness, lie. To be Kaspar Hauser, he concludes, is to long, at every moment of your dubious existence, with every fiber of your questionable being, not to be Kaspar Hauser (209).

Analysis Of The Poem Fear Of Narrative And The Skittery...

In his article â€Å"Fear of Narrative and the Skittery Poem of Our Moment,† Tony Hoagland argues that modern poetry is â€Å"oblique,† â€Å"fractured,† and â€Å"discontinuous†. He believes that poems no longer have systematic structure or development, making them appear random with skittish tendencies. Because of the poems that Hoagland feels are different, he categorizes most new poems to be like the kind he describes in his article. He further evaluates new poetry by claiming that â€Å"narrative poetry is tainted by overuse† and that the time we live in is â€Å"simply not a narrative age.† He uses several poems to support his argument such as, â€Å"Couples† by Mark Halliday and â€Å"First Person Fabulous† by Matthea Harvey. He utilizes these poems because they possess no true focal point and the structure restricts them from having a clear narrative. While the poems he uses in his article may depict skittishness and an elusive voice, many of the poems in The Best of the Best of American Poetry edited by Robert Pinksy represent modern poetry as having a focal point and self-consciousness of narrative. This anthology contains poems from the best of American poetry from recent years that have appeared in magazines and other published articles. Hoagland may think that narrative and continuity are things of the past but this compilation of today’s poetry illustrates a different take on the argument at hand. Many pieces throughout the anthology reflect poems of self-consciousness; something that Hoagland

Analysis Of The Body And Mind - 855 Words

Protocol Paper 3 – Body and Mind RECALL: In the Body and Mind chapter by Rachels it goes over many points. 1) Mind-Body dualism in a way to solve the mind-body problem, explains the relationship between mind and body facts. 2) It also points out the problems with mind-body dualism it is hard to see how a nonphysical mind could interact with a physical body. 3) Rachels points out that the mind-body dualism has largely disappeared from science and philosophy because it did not fit the emerging scientific picture of human beings. 4) The Materialist theories of the mind along with the first materialist theory which is Behaviorism and the failure of behaviorism, then along with the mind-brain identity with the development of the theory that we distinguish between the type-type identity and the token-token identity and following is the Functionalism and that it anything complex will have a mind and the physical composition doesn’t matter. Then Rachels goes over the doubts of the materialist theories with subjectiv ity and its intentions. 5) Finally Rachels goes over that the problem between the relationship of the bod and mind is that no one knows how to solve the problem. SUMMARY: Chapter 6: Body and Mind discusses the philosophy of the body and its connection to the mind. James and Stuart Rachels begin discussing Renà © Descartes, and his theory of Mind–Body Dualism. 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Truth in Contemporary Photography free essay sample

Truth in Contemporary Photography Assessment Item: Major Essay Susan Sontag defined the photograph as a ‘trace’ directly stencilled off reality, like a footprint or a death mask. Every photograph is in some sense a document of something else, therefore giving it truthful merit. Photography is seen as a record, a piece of evidence that something happened at some point somewhere, in that time or place in front of the camera, holding its moments in stillness. 1] The photograph seeks to achieve information, truth, acceptance, evidence and existence, which then provides society with a history and individuals with memories and a proof of existence. Putting aside the notion of a photograph never lies, photography has an amazing power to provoke realism from a subject and although in a photograph we may see and know that an image has been constructed, the use of stereotypes, generalisations and the idealisms of a society may be the most influential element of an image, therefore granting it gratification as a reality. There are many different types of photographers throughout the world. In their work most photographers have different goals or have a different purpose or seek achievement depending on their points of view and beliefs on the overall outlook on photography. In this essay I will answer the question is there any need for ‘truth’ in contemporary photography? By looking at three very different photographers. The first Zoriah, an American born documentary photographer. The second Australian photographic Artist, Bill Henson. And finally Persian born fashion and celebrity portrait photographer Mario Testino. When looking at documentary photography as a genre, it is clear that the documentary photograph does more than simply display information. It allows the viewer to be instructed to some aspects in which truth is revealed, thus allowing a document (the photograph) to be evidence or proof. Documentary photography tells us something about the world, allowing us to think about people and their environment and how they live. According to Arthur Rothstein, the word document is derived from the Latin docere meaning to teach. Rothstein also believed that: â€Å"Photography can provide the most precious documents existing†. [2] Rothstein makes a valid point that documentary photography allows us to observe other cultures and environments around the world. It informs us as well as gives us an insight. When looking at a documentary photograph we rarely question it’s truthfulness because of the subject matter and the traditions of the genre. I also agree with Rothstein in his comment photography can provide the most precious documents existing, as the photograph can be used as proof, showing a person’s innocence or conviction. Also a photograph can be seen as documenting history to show future generations, helping them understand events that play a significant role in previous generations, or simply as proof of human existence. Zoriah is an award winning documentary photographer. His work has been seen in some of the world Humanitarian Aid to Developing Countries, he has worked for international aid organisations such as the Red Cross before returning to photography after a long absence. With his background in disaster management and humanitarian aid, Zoriah specialises in documenting humanitarian crises in third world countries. He has covered disasters, critical social issues and conflict in over forty countries around the world. Although photos can act as explicate evidence I believe that at this time we should never trust the photograph as pure evidence. The photograph records or documents objectively; there are ideas that suggest that all documentation is regarded as the truth and evidence. J. Snyder and N. W. Allen explained that we expect to find a certain â€Å"documentary† value in photographs and we ask certain â€Å"documentary questions†: â€Å"Is it authentic? â€Å"Is it correct† and â€Å"Is it true†[3] When we observe this point by Snyder and Allen about questioning documents and their authenticity we see the argument that can be put forward. How do we know photos have not been manipulated in some way? Are they a true document and representation of the event? R. Martin and J. Spence state, â€Å"Whilst we know, intellectually, that photographs aren’t Ã¢â‚¬Ë œreal’, do not ‘tell the truth’, but are specific choices, constructions, frozen moments, edited out of time, we still invest meaning in them. [4] Similar to the point Snyder and Allen put forward, we often come across photographs that could be categorised as documentary images, and subsequently we question whether they are real, due to their unrealistic content. Being an unfamiliar subject that didn’t seem possible in the first place, we do put some faith in the image and its authenticity due to the proof of the image. Within Zoriah’s documentary work we only see the world through the lens of his camera. If another photographer were at the same location at the same time we would see a completely different set of images. In this sense the work of any photographer is similar. Photographers such as Bill Henson, although his location maybe a studio is very different to a war-zone, he still has to compose an image – selecting what he wants us the viewer to see and more so what he wants to leave out. Therefore in this respect all photography cannot give a truthful representation of what is real, it is simply a perspective of what is real. While photography depends on reality, it also loves to take a holiday from it. Viewed less as documents corresponding with reality, photographs can be seen as artificial forms of construction. For this reason the practice is less about picture-taking than picture-making. [5] Bill Henson is one of Australia’s leading contemporary Photographic artists. His work comprises of painterly and cinematic styled photographs. These photographs embody a pervasive sense of stillness, which it is suggested, is suspended somewhere between recognition and memory. For Henson’s photography to work successfully it must contain some element of truth so that it speaks to the viewer. These elements may merely be a road, or lights in the distance, but they give his images a location and setting and therefore grant it a form of reality. In his work he is often influenced by external day-to-day experiences. This in turn makes his photographs a representation of his own personal past and history. Henson states; The work might begin with a fleeting impression from first-hand experience or in a piece of music I am always drawn back to, or perhaps in a paragraph of writing I cannot forget – and then it takes its own course. I become like a participant in some larger process I happen to be fascinated by. 6] Within his photography Henson sets up tensions by colliding opposites: beauty and squalor, the ordinary reality that a camera captures and something uncanny or otherworldly. Fashion is an evolution, a reinvention, a constant cycle of ideas, influences, trends, social and cultural demands. Fashion â€Å"matures and dies with the era and is once again reborn in partnership with the new rhythm of the succeeding era†[7] Some photography is used for public exposure of personalities and for advertising, often found everywhere that we look, whether it be in magazines. The exact purpose of tabloids and exposure is evident when we look at the photographer Mario Testino. Testino stated that: â€Å"I belong to a time which many women and even men are obsessed with looking like models. In my work portraiture has a wider function beyond simply making someone look beautiful. It is a matter of identity. The identity of a fashion company has become like the identity of a living person in the modern world, or at least real as a person in a novel or film. These images can seem as familiar as some one you know. These people also need to be inverted. [8] This statement by Testino explains how he goes about photographing his subjects. He captures parts of the subject’s personality and through tabloids and exposure through such avenues as journalism, it allows him to become a major photographer/icon therefore creating a celebrity status for himself. Although many images displayed in magazines are behind the scenes, of famous celebrities and their everyda y lives, we discover that it is not only the photographs of these exclusive people that draws the readers attention into the magazine and image in the first place. It is also the words that are associated with the image and the interaction that they make. By photographers capturing images of celebrities behind the scenes, it established the photograph as privileged and worthy of something. [9] Roland Barthes suggests: â€Å"Since the photo is pure contingency and can be nothing else (it is always something that is represented) contrary to the text which, by the sudden action of a single word, can shift sentence from description to reflection. †[10] All three photographers need to provide some element of truth, as no image can work effectively without the viewer having prior knowledge or recollection of a similar content. Through mechanical advancements associated with contemporary photography, the question has risen whether we can rely on photographs as a key piece of evidence or proof. We can be confident in saying that photographs allow us to have proof of memories and existence. We can identify through different artists such as Zoriah, Bill Henson and Mario Testino that each photographer needs to depict a certain amount of truth depending on the genre and their point of view. Whether it be seeking realism, fictional realities or aesthetic exposure for publicity, and promotional purposes, within the work of these three photographers there needs to be elements of truth. At the same time that contemporary photography needs to contain some element of truth in order to speak to the viewer. I don’t believe that within all photography the content itself needs to be a truthful representation of an event. I believe that if contemporary photography is to ‘work’ successfully it needs to comprise of truths, but depending on the genre of photography there is a greater or lesser need for truth, within representing reality. For example; A documentary photographer should comprise his images with more truths than a fashion photographer, or a fictional reality photographer, as documentary photography is a genre which relies on truths and reality. It is seen as evidence or proof. Whereas fashion photography though used as a historical reference for the fashion trends and of a particular era, it is a creative, commercial genre, which can rely on less truths, as the general public does not see fashion photography as reality. It holds the main purpose of selling a garment of clothing. It then can also sell a brand, and in some cases sell a ‘lifestyle’. In fictional reality photography there is very little need for truth as long as the viewer has some connection to the content, through their personal experiences, then there is little need for reality or truth to be portrayed in these images. Photography needs some truth in order to work successfully, but it does not need to represent reality, and it cannot represent reality fully. I conclude with a quote from Sarah Kember, who sates; â€Å"How can we panic about the loss of the real when we know (tacitly or otherwise) that the real is always already lost in the act of representation? Any representation, even a photographic one only constructs an image-idea of the real; it dos not capture it, even though it might seem to do so. A photograph of the pyramids is an image-idea of the pyramids, it is not the pyramids. †[11] Bibliography Alexander, G. Tableaux-menento mori-screen culture. In Photography; Art Gallery of NSW Collection 2007 Barthes, R. Camera Lucinda: Reflections on Photography, trans. Richard Howard. London: Fontana, 1980 Bright, Susan. Art Photography Now. London: Thames Hudson Ltd, 2005 Cotton, Charlotte. The Photograph As Contemporary Art.

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Essay Example

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Paper Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, body language or posture, physical distance, facial expression and eye contact, which are all types of nonverbal communication. Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress.Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviours of communicators during interaction. Importance:- Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people.It is one of the most important methods of communication in shopping malls as it needs to be communicated to a large number of people. When the other person or group is absorbing the message they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste. Nonverbal communication strengthens a first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact.First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a persons perception. The advantages of non-verbal communication are: 1) You can communicate with someone who is hard of hearing of deaf. 2) You can communicate at place where you are supposed to maintain silence. 3) You can communicate something which you dont want others to hear or listen to. 4) You can communicate if you are far away from a person. The person can see but not hear you. 5) Non-verbal communication makes conversation short and brief. 6) You can save on time and use it as a tool to communicate with people who dont understand your language.The disadvantages of non-verbal communication are: 1) You cannot have long conversation. 2) Cannot discuss the particulars of your message 3) Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions. 4) Cannot be used as a public tool for communication. 6) Less influential and cannot be used everywhere. 7) Not everybody prefers to communicate through non-verbal communication. 8) Cannot create an impression upon people/listeners. In short Non-Verbal Communication needs to be concise and clear to make sure the message is communicated and understood by the receiver. Types of Non-Verbal Communication:-There are 2 main types of Non-Verbal Communication which are:- 1. Sign Language- S ign language (also signed language or simply signing) is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning. It can be further divided into †¢Visual Signs †¢Audio Signs 2. Body Language- Body language refers to forms of non-verbal communication, wherein a person reveals clues as to some unspoken intention or feeling through their physical behaviour. Majority of Non-Verbal communication found in shopping malls are sign language. Visual signs in shopping malls:-This is main type of non-verbal communication in shopping malls. Messages are conveyed to people by the means of visual signs and written communication as they need to be spread to a large audience of people. Some examples of them are:- 1. Him/Her- This is most common and widely used visual sign not only in shopping malls but in any building open to the public. Mainly used to differentiate between men’s and women’s toilet. 2. N o Smoking- It is denoted by a red circle with a cross and a cigarette in the middle. It is used to convey that, smoking is strictly prohibited in a particular area. 3.Danger- This is also a widely used sign to warn the people about potential dangers around them. Mainly denoted by a skull and two bones crossed below it, in malls it is mainly used to keep people out of the electricity/generator room. 4. Escalator Sign- Used to direct the public towards the escalators. 5. Elevator Sign- Used to direct the public towards the elevators. 6. Parking/No Parking- Used to show areas where cars can and cannot be parked. 7. No Pets Allowed 8. Wet Floor These are just a few examples of how visual signs are used to communicate in malls. Audio signs in shopping malls:-Audio is also an integral part of non-verbal communication in shopping malls. These messages are conveyed not through spoken words but by different noises. Some examples are:- 1. Fire Alarm- This is an universal audio sign used to wa rn people about fire being caught inside the building. 2. Anti-Theft detectors- Many shops in malls have anti-theft detectors that make noise if someone passes through it without paying for item. 3. Metal Detectors- It is mandatory to go through metal detectors before entering any mall to find out if anyone is carrying explosives or weapons inside the mall. An alarm goes off if they are detected.

Developing Students Creativity and Self-Expression through Crayons

Developing Students Creativity and Self-Expression through Crayons Crayons are brilliant, versatile, and economical coloring instruments that most school-age children are familiar with. Art sessions in grade school, for example, intends to nourish creativity and self-expression in children by introducing art tools and materials such as a paintbrush, scissors, paint, clay, crayons, colored papers, and others. Creative Possibilities with Crayons Crayons are used by middle-school students to draw colored shapes and in the process develop some creative skills they can use to express themselves. Students are humans with a natural desire to use their hands and materials as vehicles for artistic expression thus often welcome art creation opportunities. Activities such as â€Å"Crayon Melting† where students create a self-initiated art design using heated wax crayons and paper is a common classroom-based activity. Art classes expand student experiences through  collaboration, two-way communication, and appreciation of each student’s talent. It encourages the growth of visual awareness and skills to develop aesthetic understanding, coordination, concentration, and self-esteem. REMEMBERING OUR FIRST STAGE OF EDUCATION Similar to pencil, chalk, paint, and others, crayons provide opportunities for students to express and communicate their interpretation of the world around them. For instance, they can observe a plant, a tree, or a piece of fruit and draw an image according to their personal representation of that object.  Painting objects with crayons enable children to learn to mix colors, take responsibility for the art tool and image and develop their understanding of different media. Activities in art classes help children learn to use their imagination and express their ideas through art, sharpened their visual expression skills, create meaning by linking text and image and develop their presentation skills. Making Good Use of Quality Crayons Poor quality crayons often result in tears and frustration among young school children. This is because the resulting color of poor quality crayons is often not exact and cannot be combined to form new colors. Wax from a good quality crayons cannot be scratch off from the paper, they intermixed well with the pigment and produced with equally combined pigment and wax. Good quality crayon boxes with few colors are sufficient enough to produce colorful work of art as you can mix them to form new colors. For instance, putting a layer of yellow over a blue area will result to vivid green. Thick crayons are preferred over the thin ones as they do not break easily. Similarly, using only a few pieces of crayons encourage experimentation, creativity, and application of different crayon techniques. For example, crayon boxes with few color encourage mixing of colors to produce desired color, use of both pointed and broad crayon side, and greater use of students’ imagination. Crayons are not limited to drawing on paper as they can be used to draw images in many types of surfaces such as cardboards, paper gift boxes, food trays, sandpaper, and others with interest effect. †Crayon rubbing†, a technique to pick up the texture of a surface on paper by rubbing it with the side of a peeled crayon, is an enjoyable art class activity where students experiment and produce artworks from walls, leaves, bricks, and other surfaces. Another is â€Å"Crayon resist†, a technique that gives the feeling of a night picture by drawing a picture on paper with crayons, pressing hard and painting the surrounding area with dark-colored tempera paint diluted in water.

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Essay Example The traditional definition classifies innovations into two differentiating them based on those from the laboratory and those on the market that enhance innovation. The management of the company also comprehends the other aspect of innovation that differentiates incremental innovation from path-breaking innovative mechanisms guided by the magnitude of originality besides the capacity to attain innovation standards. Simply, the company refers to this as the distinction between discontinuous and continuous innovation processes. Technology, science and innovation remain important factors that drive the economic success of the Republic of Korea. Companies in the Korea both domestic and Multinational Corporations continue to invest massively in development and research as well as put money in innovative techniques. Through this, the Republic of Korea succeeds in developing a precise innovation system that helps in maintain its economic growth. The management of the company in the article follows various strategies in enhancing innovation systems including applying a development strategy that appears outward, engaging large production oriented policy, and proper utilization of human resources among many more. These resources carry the strengths of the company as well as demonstrate particular weaknesses within the innovation system. Innovation is an important policy debate regarding ways of maintaining hitherto economic growth and development in many areas falling within the definition provided by demographic challenges, main fiscal challenges, and globalization of competition. This includes among others the emerging markets that Korea and Oman fall. The company focuses on innovation and gives little attention to imitation despite the fact that a close relationship exists between imitation and innovation procedures. A company considers imitation copying and comes with negative undertones (BASANT, 1996, 192). Innovation constitutes a virtuous

Unit 2 Discussion board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 2 Discussion board - Essay Example In this assignment, I am going to discuss about the episode of Enron Company and how their leadership used power to commit one of the heinous corporate crimes in the history of the world besides discussing some of the ethical lapses being committed by the organizational of Enron as well as political leadership of the United States of America. The ENRON scandal started as an accounting scandal however behind there is a whole story of power corruption and misuse of resources and powers to conceal and misrepresent the facts. It was discovered that irregular accounting practices which can easily be characterized as fraud were adopted in order to cover up the declining performance of Enron throughout the 1990’s decade. The major players involved in this whole fraudulent activity included not only the top management of the Enron specially Mr. Kenneth Lay, the CEO of the company and Mr. Jeffery Skilling but major role was also played by Enron’s auditors i.e. Arthur Anderson. The creative accounting behind this whole episode was crafted by opening special purpose entities or limited partnerships which Enron controlled. Resultantly all debts and losses that it suffered were transferred to these SPEs and were not appeared on the financial statements of the Enron. With the help of these SPEs Enron not only got the fre edom to move the currency besides having full anonymity which basically helped them to hide the losses it suffered by dumping them into the financial statements of these Special Purpose Entities Apart from being the involvement of the top executives of the company there were reports which suggested the involvement of the Clinton administration during the 1990s era. (Smith, 2002). Not only the involvement of ENRON into concealing the facts, it was also believed that ENRON executives exceeded their original mandate to involve the company into Political affairs even

Law of International Trade Essay Example for Free

Law of International Trade Essay Introduction Coffee Beans that were bought in Sao Paulo, Brazil are to be transported to a depot based in Durham, England. The total weight of the Coffee Beans to be shipped is 1500 tonnes. At first, this may seem to be an ordinary shipment on the surface. However, when putting into perspective the amount of legalities to be fulfilled and the massive quantity of beans involved, the daunting nature of the task becomes evident. Every country has its own set of peculiar trade laws. These laws become more complex and stringent when it comes to International trade. However, while trading across boundaries, the local domestic law needs to be respected at any cost. An International trade law is a combination of the law of the land and international laws governing the transactions of goods or services across borders (Cornell, 2005). Multilateral treaties are also signed between countries to resolve disputes and effectively enforce mutually consented terms and conditions. This is done to standardize the entire process and prevent conflicts. For instance, the Convention on contracts for the International Sales of Goods  (CISG) is one such international trade agreement put forth by the UN to govern International trade operations. The different modes of transportation available for transportation need to be considered, keeping in mind a host of factors. This includes ensuring the safe transit of the beans at each and every point, right from the spot of purchase to the destination depot. Efforts also need to be made to make the process as economical as possible. The reduction in transportation charges would translate to higher levels of profit. The sharing of the costs involved in shipping the beans should be properly worked out and the decisions should be incorporated into the agreement. The point at which the seller’s liability ends also needs to be appropriately documented.   It is usually indicated by the INCO terms. Although economy in transportation is essential, it should not come at the cost of invaluable time. The goods also need to be transported within a reasonable timeframe. The laws regulating trade in the departure as well as destination points need to be properly interpreted, in order to avoid confusion at a later point of time. This calls for relevant paperwork which would certify the legitimacy of the whole process. To start with, the whole process needs to be broken down into different steps. The purchase of coffee beans can either be from a manufacturer or a wholesaler. Relevant proof of purchase provided should be provided by the seller, after receiving the agreed price. Other export licences should be purchased, in order to ship them to the depot in Durham. Then, the purchased beans are moved to a warehouse. Since the purchased goods are quite voluminous and bulky, transporting the goods through best the most cost-effective solution. However, the goods from the seller’s premises have to be transported to a warehouse. A warehouse is usually an empty storage with adequate facilities for moving goods. It is used by manufacturers, businesses, importers, wholesalers, exporters and customs agency to intermediately store goods. The seller would have to notify the buyer about the estimated time of arrival. The seller would also have to provide necessary proof documents of each stage involved in the carriage of the goods. A host of expenses are usually incurred during the carriage of goods from one country to another. This includes expenses incurred in Warehouse storage and labour, export packing, loading charges, inland freight, terminal charges, forwarder’s fee, vessel loading charges, charges upon arrival, ocean/ air freight, excise duty, taxes, customs and charges upon delivery at the destination. While carrying out International trade, the main concern is the surety of obtaining payments within an acceptable period of time. This concern is addressed by the concept of Documentary Credits. Documentary Credit is a system by which the buyer instructs his bank to pay the seller. On the basis of customer trust, the bank transfers the funds to the seller’s bank account on the behalf of the buyer. However, adequate documents in support of the concerned transaction will have sent from the ship to the seller’s bank. After verifying these documents, they are sent to the buyer’s bank for further processing (Fraud Aid, 2005). In this arrangement, the bank becomes the primary obligator, thereby promoting healthy International trade by eliminating doubts and concerns about payment. The written instruction given by the buyer to his bank is also commonly known as letter of credit (L/C). The International Chamber of Commerce has defined some internationally recognised trading terms. These terms are otherwise referred to as INCO terms 2000. These trading terms are commonly used during the overseas transportation of goods. They are used to indicate whether it is the seller or buyer that has to produce the required documents essential for carrying out trade on a global scale. The INCO terms should be followed by the named place mentioned in the contract (International Business Institute, 2000). The named place in this case is Durham, England. These terms are capable of designating the liabilities as well as rights of each party involved. Incoterms 2000 ‘Ex Works’ refers to type of delivery where the entire cost and risk of transporting the goods from seller’s premises to the final destination is borne by the buyer. This model is highly beneficial to the seller, since there is no risk involved. The seller does not even have to take up the responsibility of loading the goods from his premises, as the only obligation will be to make goods available. The relevant invoice and testimonials mentioned in the contract will also have to be provided by the seller. The short term for Ex Works is EXW. ‘Free Alongside Ship’ transfers the risk and cost of transportation when the seller transports the goods to the quay, alongside the ship. The abbreviation for Free Alongside Ship is FAS. In ‘Free Carrier’, the responsibility of ensuring the safety of the goods ends for the seller when the goods are handed over to the Carrier’s custody at a mutually agreed location. This location is referred to as the named point. In Free On Board, the seller bears the liability until the goods are put on board the ship at the Port of shipment. The port of shipment is mentioned in the contract. From this point, the risk transfers to the Buyer. This is commonly known as FOB. In Cost Freight (CFR), the seller ships the goods to the named Port of destination mentioned in the contract, by paying the freight charges. The buyer then takes up complete responsibility when the goods pass over the ships rail at the Port. The conditions of Cost Insurance Freight are similar to the previous one. However, the Seller has to take the additional responsibility of paying the insurance premium on the buyer’s behalf. This is denoted by CIF. The seller has to also incur expenses in insuring all the risks until the named destination, in the case of Carriage Insurance Paid (CIP). When the seller bears the freight charges of the goods until they reach the mutually agreed location, it is mentioned as Carriage Paid (APT). As soon as the goods reach the first carrier, it becomes a liability of the buyer. In Delivery at Frontier (DAB), the seller bears the charges and liabilities until the goods enter the Frontier.   When the goods reach the Customs process, it risk transfers to the buyer. Delivered Duty Paid (ADP) is most favorable to the buyer, since the seller will bear all charges incurred in delivering the goods to the buyer. Delivered Duty Unpaid is similar to ADP, with the exception of import duty and other official import charges that are borne by the buyer. In Delivered Ex Ship (DES), the responsibility and cost of transferring the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the ship carrying the goods reaches the destination port. It will be the buyer’s responsibility to discharge the goods.   Delivered Ex Quay (DEQ) is of two types; Duty Paid and Duty on Buyers Account. The seller has the obligation to deliver the goods in the quay of the destination port. Either the buyer or the sealer takes up the responsibility of the paying the duty, according to the initial agreement. Farther considerations Many factors have to be considered when it comes to structuring a carriage contract agreement. There are three forms of carriage; common carriage, contract carriage and private carriage. Common carriage is a type of carrier service catering to the general public to perform common transportation services. These services have to be authorized by various government regulatory agencies. The tariffs that are charged for the service lawfully demanded locations are held by these agencies. Contract carriage involves transportation services to an unlimited number of posts. These agencies also have to get necessary authorization from the same agencies. Relevant contracts consisting of details about the minimum rates and charges are filed at different granting agencies and. Copies of this contract are also retained at the facilities of the shippers as well as the carriers.  Private carriage offers transportation services to business enterprises.   This service is for meant for manufacturers and distributors that transport their goods in their private vehicles driven by their own employees. It is also commonly known as shipper-carrier. The ‘distinct needs’ provision takes care of distinguishing the different carriage types. It is very essential to distinguish between a normal contract and a carriage contract; failure to accomplish this could result in several liability issues on both sides. This distinct needs provision helps to distinguish a carriage contract from a regular one. This provision incorporates certain unique terms and conditions including specific requirements of a shipper and the obligations that need to be satisfied by the contract carrier. Some of the commonly mention distinct needs in a carriage contract agreement are price adjustment clauses, terms of credit, incidental transportation charges, cargo transfer charges and specific delivery schedules. However, the shipper should truly comprise these unique services if they are mentioned. A certain degree of reasonableness should be allowed while dealing with carriage contracts. First of all, one has to understand various shipping term in order to comprehend the shipping rules better. ‘Carrier’ is a term used to refer to the person who signs the contract of carriage with a shipper. It is usually the owner or charterer who hires a ship to carry their cargo, passengers or other goods. ‘Shipper’ refers to the person who pays money to the carrier to transport his goods (Arnold, 2003). Hence, the term ‘shipper’ may either refer to the buyer or the seller of the beans, depending upon the INCO term in use. Carrier is the company or agency which undertakes to ship the beans from Brazil to England. The Contract of carriage will apply to agreements mentioned in the bill of lading or any similar document that concerns the carriage of goods by sea.   The term ‘goods’ is used to refer to wares, merchandise and other articles. However, live animals are not included in the goods category. Goods such as brandy and gun powder were classified as dangerous goods. The validity period of the Contract of carriage starts from the time of goods being loaded until they are unloaded from the ship. Hague Hague Visby Rules Hague rules were framed by the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading and Protocol of Signature. It came into effect on 25 August 1924 in Brussels. It was an effort to constitute a minimum mandatory liability for carriers, since most of them were evading the liability due to loss or damage of cargo. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development   (OECD), this was a move by the International community to fabricate a fair system for the shipper as well as the carrier. Even today, these rules act as the foundation for framing marine trading laws for a majority of the nations around the world. According to Hague Rules, the carrier will be liable to bear the cost of damaged or lost goods only if the shipper is able to prove that the shipper’s lack or absence of diligence. However, the carrier would not be held liable if the ship was unseaworthy. The carrier will also lose the liability to compensate for the goods, when the damage is caused by a natural calamity termed as ‘Act of God’ or a fire accident which is caused to due to any reason other than a fault in the carrier vessel. The carrier will also not be liable for damages caused due to the act of terrorists, war or and other anti-social elements like pirates. The carrier would not be responsible for a delay in the delivery of goods, if the delay was caused due to an emergency situation like lockouts, quarantine operations or public strikes. The shipper would not be able to claim damages from the carrier, even in the event of neglect of the duty by the employees of the ship.    Hence, this enabled the carrier to get away with liabilities arising as a result of errors made by the people working on board such as mariners and the carrier’s working staff, if the carrier was in a position to prove that the ship was seaworthy and adequately and appropriately manned (Admiralty Law Guide, 2006). Since this provision lets carriers to get away scot-free, it has posed a serious conflict in balancing liabilities between the carrier and shipper. Transportation of goods involves two main types of contracts. They are Carriage Contract Agreement and Bill of Lading Contract. Carriage Contract Agreements are usually signed when long shipments are involved. It serves as a continuing contract that stands for the safe delivery of goods to promised destination. It usually covers multiple shipments that are necessary to carry out a long shipment process. The complete shipment process may involve other modes of transportation such as ground and air shipment.   However, carriage contract can not serve as a receipt of merchandise. The Bill of Lading is issued by the carrier as a proof of receiving the goods and serves as receipt of merchandise. A Bill of Lading is an agreement for a single shipment process which may be a part of a long process. In the practical sense, it is a list of expenditures incurred towards loading goods into a vessel. It is governed by all the terms and conditions mentioned in the Carriage Contract. It also acts as certificate that verifies the authenticity of the loaded goods. Further, it indicates whether the received goods were in good condition or not. Depending upon condition of the goods and packaging, the Bill of Lading is classified as Clean or Foul Bill of Lading. It also is further proof of the existence of a Carriage Contract (Wikipedia, 2006). However, the Bill of lading and Carriage Contract are completely different entities and they serve different purposes. Hence, the Bill of Lading can not be used as a Contract Carriage and vice versa. There are three types of bill of lading; straight bill of lading, order bill of lading and bearer bill of lading. In straight bill of lading, the consignee can claim damages from the consigner when the goods are not delivered on time due to defaulting or negligence of the consigner. This bill of lading is non-negotiable. In order bill of lading, the consignee can obtain delivery of goods if the consignee provides a bill and evidence showing the consigner’s interest to transfer. This bill of lading is negotiable. In bearer bill of lading, any person holding the bill of landing is entitled to receive the goods. When the consigner does not mention the consignee’s name, it becomes a bearer bill and can be negotiated. Goods that are issued with a negotiable bill of lading can be received only if the original documents are presented at the time of delivery. However, the speeding of trade and transit operations has given way to the issue of non-negotiable documents for goods, which enables the consigner to receive the goods by just presenting the non-negotiable bill of lading (Forwarder Law, 2005). Some of the standard obligations that have to be fulfilled by the consigner include providing the carrier with consignees name and address and destination of the carriage. The nature, weight, volume and the quantity of the goods to be shipped are also to be clearly stated. Even the packing and wrapping style, number of packages and any other details needed to identify the goods need to be provided by the consigner. The consignor would be held be responsible for any damages, in the event of false or insufficient details being provided. According to Article 283 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (CGSA) (1924), the Bill of Lading can be issued either in the name of a particular person or the bearer.   It usually consists of the following details, 1) Date of issuing the bill. 2) Venue where the bill was signed and brought to effect. 3) Place of departure and destination. 4) Names and addresses of the consignor, consignee, carrier and the carriage commission agent. 5) The value and identification details of the shipped items. 6) Date of shipping. 7) Freight and other expenses with an indication of whether they are payable by the consignor or the consignee. 8) The conditions pertaining to the loading and unloading, type of transport means required to be used for carriage, the route to be followed, a determination of the responsibility and any other special conditions which may be included in a carriage contract. In addition to the bill of lading, the carrier also issues a non-negotiable receipt called waybill which proves to be useful in a situation when the goods arrive before the transaction documents. It is also issued when the consignee and the consigner is the same person (Evans, 2001). This option can be chosen when the consigner decides to reduce paperwork. A ships delivery order is another document that undertakes to carry goods by sea. The provisions for this document are provided by the CGSA (1992). However, this document can neither substitute a waybill nor a bill of lading. According to Article 284 of the CGSA (1924), the carrier would be required to issue a bill of lading to the consigner. Alternatively, the carrier can also give a receipt mentioning the details of the goods carried and date of consignment to the consigner. The consigner would be required to deliver the goods to be shipped at the carrier’s premises. The consigner should also produce relevant document deemed necessary for shipping. The consigner will be held responsible for any liability arising as a result of inaccurate or incomplete information in the documents provided. According to Article 288 of the CGSA (1924), Since the carrier possesses the right to examine the packaged goods and the standard of packing before the carriage, the damage of goods arising due to improper packaging is not entirely borne by the consigner; the liability is shared with the carrier. According to Article 289 of the same Act, the initial examination of the goods would require the presence of the consigner, if opening of packaging is involved. If the consigner is absent during the inspection process, the examination would progress and examination costs would be levied from the consigner. If the carrier finds the goods to be unsuitable for transit, the consigner would be informed about the same. Such goods would be shipped by the carrier only if the consigner bears the liability of damage of goods and the consigner’s consent about the same is incorporated into the Bill of Lading. Cargo Insurance compensates the shipper with losses caused due to fire, loss of cargo and damage. However, losses that can be recovered from the carrier will not be compensated by Insurance Company. It is also popularly known as Marine insurance. It is further classified into Inland and Ocean Marine Insurance. Inland Marine Insurance is issued for goods that are transported without the involving any form sea transport and Ocean Marine Insurance is meant for goods that are shipped through waterways. The three pillars of Marine Insurance are insurable interest, utmost good faith, and indemnity (Export 911). Marine Insurance is not mandatory, unless it is mentioned so in the agreement. The proof of Insurance is provided by the Insurance policy duly signed by the authority of the Insurance Company.   Generally, the insurance would cover the loss or damage of coffee beans under normal circumstances. However, the insurance would become void when the shipper tries to or succeeds in causing intentional damage. When the loss of coffee beans is meagre or caused as a result of improper packaging, the insurance would not cover the loss. According to Article 292 of the CGSA (1924), the carrier is obliged to travel in the mutually agreed upon route mentioned in the agreement. However, the carrier is expected to take the shortest route if a route is not mentioned in the agreement. However, the carrier can change course if any unavoidable situation arises and the carrier would not be held liable for any loss caused to the consigner due to the late delivery of goods, provided a genuine reason is established. The goods being transported by the carrier should be properly safeguarded. The costs incurred in achieving this objective, such as repackaging charges are solely borne by the carrier. However, this does not imply taking additional care of the goods being transported. For instance, when animals are being shipped, the carrier will not be responsible for maintaining the health of the animal by providing food and water. The same condition will stand good while transporting plants as well. However, the carrier would have to take up such responsibilities, if such conditions governing the well-being of plants and animal are incorporated in the agreement Generally, the carrier will have the obligation to discharge the goods from the ship and bear the charges incurred towards it. In the event of the agreement not requiring the delivery of the shipped item to the consignee’s facility, then the consignee would have to receive the same on a particular date fixed by the carrier. If the consignee fails to do so, then s/he would have to bear the charges incurred by the carrier for storing the shipped item. However, the consignee has the right to examine the contents before acknowledging the receipt and refuse the same, if the carrier is not co-operating. The next protocol towards the emancipation of the shippers came in the form of the Brussels protocol in 1968. It was responsible for infusing an important clause called the container clause. It enabled shippers to claim the compensation for each container specified in the Bill of Lading (Admiralty Law, 2005). As a result, this liability system came to be known as the Hague-Visby Rules. An additional protocol was added in 1979 to enhance and revise the rules. However, neither of two supplementary protocols of the Hague rules was able to effectively modify the basic liability provisions. Hamburg Rules The Hamburg rules were enforced at the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea held in Hamburg on 30 March 1978. The chief objective was to enforce a system that would share the liabilities and obligations between shipper and carrier in fairer manner. However, it was only able to mildly move the liabilities to the carrier.   In addition to the terms carrier, shipper, goods and ship, a term called ‘Actual carrier’ is defined by the Hamburg rules. It refers to a person or an agency to which the carrier hands over the complete or partial responsibility of carrying the goods. The time period for claiming the liabilities caused by the carrier is also specified by the Hamburg rules. The shipper can sue the carrier for any liabilities with a two year time period from the date of delivery of the goods. This period can be extended by issuing appropriate legal declarations. However, this time period gets reduced to 90 days, in the case of a second claim after the verdict is reached for the first claim. First of all, a written complaint has to be instituted to the carrier within the next working day, in the case of apparent damage or loss. However, in the case of damage or loss not being evident, the shipper would have to file a written complaint to the carrier within 15 days of receiving the goods. In order to be in a position to claim damages due to delay, the carrier would have to give a compliant to the shipper within 60 days of the delivery. The complaint can be sent to the carrier in writing or via telegraph. Adequate facilities will also have provided by both parties to inspect and clarify these claims. If the shipper fails to satisfy any of the aforementioned conditions, he or she will not be able to claim damages from the carrier. The Hamburg rules also specify the limits for liability compensation. The compensation for the liabilities arising as a result of damage or loss can not exceed an amount more than 2.5 units of account per kilogram or 835 units of account per package. This unit is quantified by the International Monetary Fund as a result of a Special Drawing Right. If the shipper’s State is a member of the International Monetary Fund, then the units would be changed into the State’s currency on the judgment day. If the shipper’s State is not a member of the International Monetary Fund, the units would be converted according to the State’s local laws. The liabilities for delay in the delivery of goods should not be more than the total freight payable; it can be up to two and a half times the freight payable for the goods that are delayed, under the contract of carriage. Arbitrations Disputes The arbitration of these claims and general disputes would normally take place in a venue of the claimer’s preference. However, the place should be with in accordance to the stipulations mentioned. It should not be a place outside the State where the defendant’s business or residence is located. It can also take place in a State where the contract was signed or at the place of loading or unloading the goods. Judicial action may also be taken against the carrier in the same places mentioned above. It is better to insure the coffee beans before they are to be shipped onboard a vessel, due to the risks involved in transportation. Since the carriers have only restricted limitations, it does make sense to obtain insurance. Most carriers shipping from Sao Paulo to Durham, for instance ‘Xiameter’ (2006) follows Carriage and Insurance Paid (CIP) delivery. Therefore, it is better to ship the coffee beans through a reputed carrier, in order to minimise risks and complete the shipping within a desired period of time. Bibliographies ACE- Baracuda, Guide to Incoterms, http://www.ace-baracuda.com/template7.asp?pageid=26 (accessed at: 23 April 2006) Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide, International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading (Hague Rules), and Protocol of Signature: http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/haguerules1924.html (accessed at: 23 April 2006) Briel, E. (1947) International Straits: A treatise on International law, Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Copenhagen. Brooks, M, (2000) Sea Change in Liner Shipping: Regulation and Managerial Decision-Making in Global Industry, Pergamon press, Amsterdam. Brown, E.D. (1997) Law of Sea History. Bernhardt, R. (Ed), Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Amsterdam, Northern Holland. Brugmann, G. (2003) Access to Maritime ports, Master of Laws (LLM), Books on Demand GmbH, Noderstedt, Germany. Caron, D. (1989) Ships, Nationality and Status. Bernhardt, R (Ed) Encyclopaedia of Public International law, Vol. 11, Amsterdam, Northern Holland. Lex Mercatoria: Information on United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978: http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.sea.carriage.hamburg.rules.1978/doc (accessed at: 23 April 2006) References Admiralty Law (2005) Hague-Visby Rules. Available from: http://www.admiraltylaw.com/statutes/hague.html (accessed at: 29 April 2006). Admiralty Law Guide (2006) Hague Rules. Available from: http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/haguerules1924.html (accessed at: 28 April 2006). Arnold, A (2003) Relocation Terminology. Available from: http://www.aarnold.net/terminology.htm (accessed at: 28 April 2006). Evans, J (2001) Law of International Trade, 3rd Edition, Old Bailey Press, London. Cornell Law School. (2005) International Trade. Available from: http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/International_trade (accessed at: 29 April 2006). Export 911. Principles of Cargo Insurance. Available from: http://www.export911.com/e911/ship/principl.htm#xInstitute (accessed at: 30 April 2006). Forwarder Law. Status of Seaway Bills. Available from: http://www.forwarderlaw.com/library/view.php?article_id=237 (accessed at: 30 April 2006). Fraud Aid. (2005) Documentary Credit. Available from: http://www.fraudaid.com/Dictionary-of-Financial-Scam-Terms/documentary_credit.htm (accessed at: 28 April 2006). International Business Institute. (2000) Incoterms 2000. Available from: http://www.i-b-t.net/incoterms.html (accessed at: 29 April 2006). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Hague Rules of 1924. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/document/41/0,2340,en_2649_34367_2086825_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed at: 29 April 2006) (2006) Bill of Lading. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_lading (accessed at: 28 April 2006). Xiameter (2006) Incoterms 2000 Descriptions. Available from: xiameter.com/content/bxrules/incoterms.pdf (accessed at: 24 April 2006).

Why I Think They Should Legalize Pot :: essays research papers

Why I Think They Should Legalize Pot By Hagbard Celine There has recently been lots of contreversy over whether they should legalize marijuana, or not. I think they should, and there is lots of important evidence and reasons to support this. If drugs were legalized, this country would be a much nicer place to inhabit and for this reason and others, the government should stop cracking down on harmless pot users. Here are the reasons why weed should be legalized in the United States: First, our prisons are so full of drug users like harmless pot smokers and such that we do not have any place to stick real criminals. A friend of my brother's was killed by a drunk driver about three years ago when he went off to college. The guy who did it got community service time, and a year without his liscense. This is not justice, and changes need to be made. We can't throw every little pot head in jail just because they like grass. After all, it's not like it's cocaine or something, which should still be illegal. Second, marijuana is not even as bad as some of the stuff that's legal. You are more in control of your senses than when trashed, and not nearly as violent. Nobody has ever died directly from getting stoned. Smoking a joint is not as likely to cause cancer as a cigarette, and weed isn't addictive. In fact, there are very little bad sides to smoking marijuana. It doesn't even burn your throat as much when you smoke it in a bong as do cigarettes. Thirdly, if the price of pot went down quite a bit, then there would be no crime because of it. Pot would be very good for our economy, and pot farmers would make lots of money. It's easy to grow, hence the nickname "weed." And the price would drop so much that a dime bag would be a penny bag, and a 100-

Mayhew

Mayhew Analysis Paper In the book, Congress: The Electoral Connection, David Mayhew addresses his opinion about the political system, and centralizes his argument on the assumption that the only intent a member of Congress has is reelection. The bulk of his argument is the behavior by the members of Congress involving advertising, credit claiming, and position taking, which we discussed in class. Mayhew believes that these actions by the incumbent congressmen illustrate that they are more worried about keeping their seat, than anything else.The first election activity mentioned in the book is advertising, which is defined by Mayhew as: â€Å"any effort to disseminate one’s name among constituents in such a fashion as to create a favorable image but having little or no issue content,† (49). By spending money on advertisement, the house incumbent has a sizeable advantage over their opponent. Mayhew’s distaste for this tactic comes from the sole purpose that most of it is done while the congressmen are in office.In my opinion, I feel that Mayhew thinks of congressional elections as more of a popularity contest based on this statement, â€Å"There are standard routines—frequent visits to the constituency, nonpolitical speeches to home audiences, the sending out of care booklets and letters of condolence and congratulation,† (50). Mayhew realizes this is an unprincipled manner to get reelected, but it will not stop and congressmen will continue to take advantage of advertising anyway possible.The second behavioral motive Mayhew discusses in the book is credit claiming. This allows the incumbent to take credit for government accomplishments and look good to the constituents. The credit claiming tactic allows for a member of Congress to stick out as an individual rather than affiliated with a particular party. In order to do so, like we discussed in class, the congressmen must provide assets to the constituents that they can take abs olute credit for.Mayhew argues that a congressman may take advantage of this due to little knowledge, â€Å"For typical voters Capitol Hill is a distant and mysterious place; few having anything like a working knowledge of its maneuverings,† (69). Therefore, constituents have no way of knowing if the credit claimed by their congressman is valid or not. This is why Mayhew argues that this tactic is flawed because it may look to the constituents that the congressmen is putting in hard work, when really it is redundant actions to that district to help them get reelected.However, like advertising, this is a very important reelection tool and the incumbent wants to appear loyal to the constituency. Mayhew discusses position taking, which is the third activity congressmen use in their pursuit for reelection. It is defined in the book as â€Å"the public enunciation of a judgmental statement on anything likely to be of interest to political actors,† (61). Mayhew argues here t hat most incumbent’s judgment involves speaking on the issue rather than acting on it. In class, we discussed what happens in a role call and the member must pick a side.Mayhew states that most congressmen will take the conservative route and take the position that got them their seat to begin with. This validates Mayhew’s argument that most congressmen are content with their position due to the prestige that comes with it and it pays well. So why would they want to leave? A congressman who has been reelected before knows what the constituents want, causing them to take familiar stance on issues like they have in the past. These three tactics by incumbents seeking reelection draw enough conclusive evidence to contradict the following statement: â€Å"The U.S. Congress is a representative institution that effectively responds to the preferences of a majority of Americans. † The words representative, institution, and effectively caught my eye. Yes, there is repres entation, but it deems insignificant in the fact that it is more on the congressmen’s mind to stay in seat for their sake, rather than really helping the constituents according to Mayhew. There is no institution, it is a group of individuals each trying to create a positive image to the constituency through advertising.In the United States Congress, congressmen do not need their party to win the nomination, â€Å"In America the underpinnings of ‘teamsmanship’ are weak or absent, making it possible for possible for politicians to triumph over parties,† (22-23). Mayhew uses the British Parliament as an example of strong party influence. The analysis and assessment of Mayhew’s argument on the reelection process allowed me to conclude that the accuracy of the statement above sounds true, but when broken down, it is not.Mayhew made very strong and valid points about the incumbent’s process in order to remain in Congress. Also, relating back to cla ss discussion, most members will vote in the direction that best suites them, which Mayhew talked about in part two of the book. It is apparent that with Mayhew’s argument that many congressmen put themselves ahead of their constituents, which is not appropriate representation. In conclusion, it is visible that the intent a member of congress has is reelection.Mayhew clearly shows with his argument that the election activities of advertising, credit claiming, and position taking are done merely for reelection purposes and not for the betterment of the constituency. These three tactics have very little to do with legislation and more so with publicity and appeasing the district by miniscule deeds and conservative voting that the incumbent has done in the past. However, these three strategies are assets to current congressmen and they will continue to take advantage of them.

Filipino Thesis - 4803 Words

Far Eastern University Sampaloc, Manila Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance Epekto paggamit ng cellphone Sa Mga PilingMag-aaral Isang Proyekto Bilang Pangangailangan sa Filipino Ipinasa kay Professor Alicia M. Cabrera Ipinasa nila Princess Mae Modesto Kim Atienza Talaan ng Nilalaman Kabatanata I Suliranin at Sandigan ng Pag-aaral Panimula †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1-2 Batayang Teorya †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Konseptwal na Balangkas ââ€"  Talahanayan Blg 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Paglalahad ng Suliranin †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Hinuha (Hypothesis) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 3 Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4 Saklaw at Deliminasyon †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Katuturan ng mga Katawagan†¦show more content†¦Ang cellphone ay maraming naidudulot na kabutihan subalit maaari ring magdulot ng kasamaan kung pagmamalabisan. Hindi sa lahat ng oras ay may naidudulot itong kabutihan o positibong epekto, bagkus may mga negatibo itong epekto sa ating sariling pagkatao, kalusugan, moralidad o kaugalian. Kailangan din tayong matuto na ang lahat ng bagay ay may limitasyon dahil, ang hindi natin alam ay may roon na pala sa ating nawawala. Batayang Teorya Sa konseptwal na balangkas ay makikita ang talahanayan ng Input, Process at Output. Sa Input nilalagay ang mga ideya na kailangan pang suriin o gawin para maging isang makabuluhang impormasyon. Ito rin ang nagsisilbing gabay kung ano ang mga dapat mong gagawin o hahanapin para mapabilis ang iyong paghahanap sa mga impormasyon na kailangan mo. Sa Process makikita ang mga pamamaraan na ginamit ng mananaliksik upang mabigyang linaw ang lahat ng mga tanong na nasa isipan. Dito isinasagwa ang mga ideya na nahanap mo, kasama na ang mga metodolohiyang pamamaraan. Dito mo makikita kung paano binibigyang buhay ang mga ideyang nakulikta mo sa pagsisiyasat. Sa Output naman makikita ang ang lahat ng kalalabasan o resulta sa iyong pagsisiyasat. Dito nilalagay ang mga sagot o impormasyon na basi sa mga nakulikta mo sa iyong pananaliksik. Konseptwal na Balangkas Talahanayan Blg. 1 Paglalahad ng Suliranin 1. Anu-ano ang mga katangian ng mga responded? a. Edad d.Kurso b. Kasarian e.Show MoreRelatedThesis in Filipino18532 Words   |  75 PagesPilipino. Tiyak sa ganitong paraan na wala ng mapapahamak, lalo na sa sitwasyong ng krisis at krimen. MGA SANGGUNIANG AKLAT (n.d). The handbook of mass media ethics . (2008). New York: Routledge. Abaya, H. J. (1968). Our Vaunted Press, A Critique. The Filipino Press and Media, Democracy and Development. pp. 7-16. Ables, H. A. (2003). â€Å"Mass Communication and Philippine Society†. Quezon City:The Universtiy of the Philippines Press Diliman. Agee, W. and Emery, E. (1994). Introduction to Mass CommunicationsRead MoreThesis in Filipino3948 Words   |  16 Pages TAONG-AKADEMIKO 2010-2011. 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Read MoreManny Pacquiao Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesBrian Katz Public Speaking Professor Jill Strahl Outline on Manny Pacquiao SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To give a 5-6 Minute speech on Manny Pacquiao THESIS:   More specifically, the Boxer, the Philanthropist and the Politician. INTRODUCTION I. Attention grabber:  Pound for pound, Manny is the best boxer in the world, but even more important than holding that distinction, Manny has connected with the people of his home country, the Philippines, to the point where he is almost like a god.Read MoreIsyu Sa Wikang Filipino4603 Words   |  19 Pagesimmortality of souls among the faithful. Perhaps my saying outright that I am a partisan for a national language, Filipino, may outrage the postmodernists and cosmopolites among you—how can you say such a thing when you are speaking in English? 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There were 10 samples of EXTRA (Special) komiks by the Atlas Publishing Company, thereafter referred to as Atlas Publishing, and 20 samplesRead MoreFilipino People and Exposition Grounds Rizal4073 Words   |  17 PagesParisian life .despite the social parties and the glittering   light of the city , he continued his fruitful artistic , literary , and patriotic labor(makabayang pag gawa), he published his annotated(comment) edition of Morgam’s success; founded three Filipino societies, the kidlat club, the indios bravos , and the R.D.L.M.; AND wrote por telefono , satire against fr.salvador font. Difficulty of finding quarters. on march 1889 , it was extremely difficult For a visitor to find living quarters in Paris